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Gold (GOLD) is gold. The chemical element symbol AU is a soft, golden, and precious precious metal. Gold is valuable, and the value content is relatively high. The price unit of international gold is US dollar/ounce, and the price unit of my country's gold is Yuan/gram. To participate in future gold investment and get the chance of investment appreciation and value preservation in the gold market, we must understand the role of gold attributes, characteristics and its role in monetary finance. Gold is one of the rare and most precious metals in the metal kingdom. It was mainly used as currency, decoration and jewelry in ancient times. It was the most precious metal. By 1751, platinum was found. It is more difficult to refine, so it is more precious. Therefore, gold is now tied with precious metals from the first precious metal to the status of platinum. However, due to the pure texture of the gold, it has many excellent properties. It is still the most popular precious metal.
[Edit this paragraph] 1. Gold's physical and chemical characteristics

1.1 physical and chemical properties

gold (transition metal)
Structure
Atomic amount: 196.96654
The shell structure: 2,8,18,32,18,18,1
Electronic arrangement: [XE] 4F14 5D10 6S1
R n melting point: 1064.43 ℃
boiling point: 2808 ℃
Electricity: 2.54
n Atomic radius: 1.79a
Atomic volume: 10.2cc/mol
The first level of ionization potential: 9.2257 V
The second level ionization potential: 20.521 v
oxidation state: (3 3 ), 1
293k density: 19.32g/cc
ratio of heat capacity: 0.128j/gk
Smallation heat: 334.4kj/mol
n Guidance rate: 0.452x10^6/cm · ω
Thermal conductivity coefficient: 3.17W/cmk
Elasticity coefficient: 78.3 x10e3 MPa

Cilee parameters: 4.0786a
Mohs hardness: 2.5

1.2 physical properties

color: golden yellow beauty can be compared with the sun. The steam emitted when gold is melted is green; its gold powder is usually brown during the smelting process; if it is cast into a thin piece, it can also transmit green light.
The ductility: exceptional strong. 1 ounce of gold can be pulled into 50 miles long, and its ductility makes it easy to cast and is a good choice for making jewelry. Gold is the strongest in the metal.
Forgedness: secondary and fingertips. It can cause extremely thin and easy to roll up. 1 ounce of gold can be hammered to 4 million -foot thick and 100 square feet. The ancients hammered it into thin slices to decorate the temples and the palace. It is said that 1 ounce of gold can be used to fill the top cover of a house. If you have the opportunity to visit these ancient temples, you must pay attention or free gold films fall on your head!
The color of gold is golden yellow, metal luster, and no wayy. The hardness is 2-3, the pure gold is 19.3, and the melting point is 1070 ° C; it has good ductility and can be pressed into thin foil. It has extremely high heat transfer and conductivity. Pure gold is the best electronic conductor material.
Gold, as a precious metal, has good physical characteristics. "Real gold is not afraid of fire" means that the gold under the general flame is not easy to melt. The density is strong and the feel is heavy. Good toughness and ductility, strong guidance. Pure gold has gorgeous yellow, but after incorporating other metals, the color changes greatly. For example, gold and copper alloy are dark red, and the silver alloy is light yellow or gray -white. Jin Yi was grinded into powder, which is why Jin is scattered in nature. Pure gold jewelry is also easily worn and reduced.
The atomic order in the Menjiev cycle table is 79, that is, there are 79 negatively charged rotating electrons around the nucleus of the gold. Therefore, gold has good chemical stability. In the metal market钯, 钯, 锇, 铑, 铱, platinum and other metals are collectively referred to as precious metals.
Gold is a very soft metal, but it is not as good as lead and tin metal. It can be traces with nails on pure gold. This softness makes gold very easy to process. However For the manufacturer, it is very unsatisfactory, because this can easily hurt the decoration, make it lose its gloss and affect the beauty. Therefore, when making jewelry with gold, copper and silver are generally added to improve their hardness.
It gold is forged and easy to extend, which can be crushed to a transparent and transparent green foil with a thickness of 0.001 mm. 0.5 grams of gold can be pulled into a 160 -meter -long golden.
Golds are easy to wear and become extremely fine powder, so gold is often widely distributed in nature in the state.
Gold is a good conductor of heat and electricity, but it is not as good as four metals: platinum, mercury, lead, and silver.
The melting point of gold is 1063. C, melting gold has high volatility. As the temperature rises, its volatility continues to increase.
The pressure-resistant strength of pure gold is 10kg/ mm2. Its tensile strength is related to pre-processing methods, generally between 10-30kg/ mm2. When cold pulling gold, the strongest force.
It pure gold has a very beautiful grass yellow metal luster. It can be said that gold is the most yellow in all metals. Pure gold is not seen in nature, and metal impurities (first of all copper and silver) give gold to various colors and tones, from pale yellow to bright yellow and red. The color of gold also depends on the thickness of the metal block and its gathering collective state. For example, the thin gold foil is green in the face, and the melted gold is also this color, while the gold -melted gold is yellow -green, and the fine -grained gold is generally dark red or dark purple.
The natural gold can sometimes cover a layer of iron oxide film. In this case, the color of the gold may be brown, dark brown, and even black.
This can form alloys with many metals, because the atomic radius of these metals is very close to the atomic radius of gold; the radius of gold atomic is equal to 1.46 meters; 铋 1.46; silver 1.44; platinum 1.39. Therefore, gold can form gold and silver alloy, gold and copper alloy, gold and platinum alloy, golden cricket alloy, etc. These alloys are not compounds, but fixes. All the metals in the alloy are lower than the pure metal melting point. If the gold is heated to the close to the melting point, the gold can be melted like iron. The slim gold grains can melt into gold blocks. (L Egypt = 0.0000000L centimeters)
In the temperature is low, the gold powder must be pressed to melt together.
The melting with other metals can not only reduce its melting point, but also change the mechanical properties of the gold itself. Silver and copper can significantly increase the hardness of gold; arsenic, lead, platinum, silver, 铋, and 碲 can make gold crispy, and lead in this regard is more prominent. When stamping, it will become a broken block. Pure gold contains 0.01%lead. Its good and forgedness will be completely lost.
gold has the ability to absorb X -rays.
The gold is included in the ranks of compounds, and it is also reluctant to stipulate the precious metal family, but after all, it can interact with certain elements. Especially with halogen (chlorine, bromine, iodine) compounds to generate AUCL or AUC13, etc. Gold can also be combined with cyanide, mercury and hoof. In fact, there are only gold and hoof compounds in nature, and there are very few compounds of gold and mercury. All other compounds are made by manual, and "Thunder Gold" - (AU (NH) 3 (CH) 3) can also be obtained by manual methods.
Although gold is difficult to dissolve, it can still be dissolved in certain solutions. A small amount of gold can also be dissolved in water containing chlorine, sulfuric acid or corrosive acid. In Wangshui and cyanide dilute solution, a large amount of ion state is dissolved.
The crystals of gold belong to the shaft system. The shape of the crystal is often cube or octagonal. When the crystal is dissolved and then condensed, there is an irregular polygon. The slower the cooling, the greater the crystal.

1.3 Chemical properties

The chemical properties of gold are stable and have strong corrosion resistance. It is generally not oxidized from room temperature to high temperature in the air, and it is insoluble in a single hydrochloric acid hydrochloric acid Among the strong acids such as nitric acid and sulfuric acid, only the hydrochloric acid and nitric acid mixed acid (that is, the king water) generate chlorine h [AUCL4]; when aerobic existence at room temperature, gold is soluble in potassium cyanide or sodium cyanide The solution forms a stable complex M [AU (CN) 2]; gold can also be soluble in solution with sulfur pyrine; it is also dissolved in acidic solutions with chlorine gas. Gold does not work with alkali solution, but it can be generated with sodium peroxide when melting. The combined price of gold is -1, -2, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, etc. Oxide has a triple oxidation two gold AU2O3, and chloride has a three-chloride gold AUCL3. In an acidic medium, chlorine h [AUCL4] or a complex m [AU (CN) 2] can be restored to metal zinc (zinc powder or zinc wire), sodium sulfate, hydraulic pheasant, etc. The sulfide will corrode gold and generate soluble sulfide gold. Exic acids in the soil and metabolites of certain bacteria can also dissolve trace gold.
This of gold is high, it is difficult to lose the outer electrons into positive ions, and it is not easy to accept electrons into anion. Its chemical properties are stable, and the affinity with other elements is weak. Therefore, most of the natural gold state in nature is in nature.
The average content of gold in the crust is about 1.1 million % (0.0011 ppm), and the content in seawater is about 100 billion % (0.00001ppm). The crustal movement and geological changes make the gold elements rich into gold mines. The gold ore with general industrial value is 2-3 grams/ton, the rich ore has 5-50 grams/ton, and the Fugu mine is 50-500 grams/ton. There are gold, the smallest ten grams, the largest tens of kilograms, and the rare large pieces of gold hundreds of kilograms. Because of some dog heads, commonly known as dog head gold, Indian scientists have found two nearly 2.5 tons of dog head gold ; Poor ore has industrial mining value at 0.1-1 gram/ton, and has industrial mining value at the current level of high 0.5 grams/ton.
The pure gold in nature is very small, often including silver, copper, iron, 钯, 铋, platinum, nickel, 碲, selenium, 锇 and other accompanimental elements. Natural gold contains 15%of silver in silver More than 20%of copper are called copper gold ore, with 5-11%of 钯 钯 钯 钯 钯 矿 矿 钯 钯 铋 铋 铋 铋 铋 铋 矿 矿 矿 铋 铋 铋 铋 矿 矿 矿 矿 矿 矿 矿.
The gold has a parental sulfur, often close to sulfur, such as pyroneite, poison sand, square lead ore, and 锑 ore.
Gold has a parentality. The meteorite contains gold (1150 × 10-12). It is 3 orders of magnitude higher than ordinary rocks.
The gold also has a bronze nature. In the element cycle table, it occupies the edge of the pro -copper and the parent iron element. Chemical behaviors are similar to adjacent elements, showing stronger iron properties. Copper and silver are rich in sulfide; and gold and platinum are mostly concentrated in metal phase. Gold in the earth is 0.8 × 10-6, the nucleus is 2.6 × 10-6, the mantle is 0.005 × 10-6, and the crust is 0.004 × 10-6. The abundance of gold in the crust is only 1/1 million of iron, 1/21 of the silver.
. More than 99 % of the gold on the earth enters the ground nuclear. This distribution of gold is formed in the long -term evolution of the earth. The golden crust formed in the early stages of the earth's development is high. Therefore, it can generally represent the old -fashioned green rock belt composed of early crusts, especially the combination of magnesium iron and ultra -magnesium iron volcanic rock. In various types of rocks in the crust, it may become the earliest "mineral layer" of gold mines.
In all, the abundance value of gold in the crust is already very low, and it has the properties of sulfur, copper nature, parenting, high melting point, etc. Thousands of times, to form a big mine and rich ore, gold must be rich for thousands, tens of thousands, or even higher. It can be seen that its huge gold ore generally experiences a considerable geological period. Mining can only be formed.
The main purpose and function of gold,
. Used as international reserves
． The preservation function
3. Risk aversion function
4. Use as jewelry decoration
5． Application of industrial technology
[Edit this paragraph] 2. Gold ore type
Golden gold in nature is a natural product that exists in a free state and cannot be artificially synthesized. According to the different sources and the different contents of the content, the content of raw gold and cooked gold.
This gold, also known as natural gold, waste gold, and original gold. It is a semi -finished product of cooked gold. It is a gold that has not been melted and refined from the mine or river base layer. Born gold is divided into two types: mineral gold and sand gold.

2.1 Mine gold

also known as synergistic gold. Most of them are produced in mines and gold mines. It is often sandwiched in the gap between the rocks. Mine gold is mostly accompanied by other metals. Among them, in addition to gold, there are other metals such as silver, platinum, and zinc. Before other metals were proposed, it was called a precursor. The other metal components produced in different mines are different. Therefore, the percentage is different, generally between 50%-90%.

2.2 Sand gold

Sand gold ore was the main mine in the world's gold production in ancient and modern history, but after thousands of years of mining, the rich ore sand has been exhausted. The main ore gold is mainly based on the bottom or low -lying area of ​​the river bed, and it is mixed with stone sand and washed out of the gold. Sand gold originated in the mine, because the gold ore was exposed to the ground. After a long wind and rain, the rocks collapsed through weathering. Deposition is a gold -containing layer to form sand gold. The characteristics of sand gold are: different sizes of particles, large as broad beans, small ones like fine sand, different shapes. The color is different due to the height of the formation. More than 90 % of them are red yellow, eight percent of them are pale yellow, and seven become cyan yellow.
[Edit this paragraph] 3. Brief distribution of global gold mineral resources
The gold resources now found in the world are 89,000 tons, the reserves are 77,000 tons, and the reserves are 48,000 tons. There are more than 80 countries in the world. South Africa accounts for 50%of the world's foundation of gold resources and reserves, and 38%of the world's reserves; the United States accounts for 12%of the world's found resource, accounting for 8%of the world's reserves, and 12%of the world reserves. Except for South Africa and the United States, the main gold resources countries are Russia, Uzbekistan, Australia, Canada, Brazil, etc. In more than 80 gold production junior in the world, the output of the Americas accounts for 33%of the world (including 12%of Latin America, 7%in Canada, and 14%in the United States); Africa accounts for 28%(22%of South Africa); 29%in the Asia -Pacific region (of which Australia is Australia 13%, China accounts for 7%). In addition to the five countries mentioned earlier, in addition to the five countries mentioned earlier, there are Indonesia and Russia. Countries with 50 tons to 100 tons have Peru, Uzbekistan, Ghana, Brazil and Papua New Guinea. In addition, Mexico, the Philippines, Zimbabwe, Mali, Kyrgyzstan, South Korea, Argentina, Bolivia, Guyana, Guinea, and Kazakhstan are also important golden producers.
[Edit this paragraph] 4. Gold's texture
The gold is gold that has been smelted and purified. Generally, the purity is high and the density is fine. Some can be directly used in industrial production. Common gold bars, gold blocks, gold ingots, and various jewelry, utensils, gold coins, and industrial gold silk, gold, gold boards, etc. Due to the different uses, the required color is different, or because the device is not purified, it is only melted without purity, or the purity of the mention is insufficient, forming a different golden height. People are accustomed to dividing the cooked gold into three types: pure gold, red gold, and color gold according to the high and low. After purification, the gold that reaches a considerable purity is called pure gold, and gold generally refers to pure gold with more than 99.6%.
The meaning of red gold and pure gold is close, but due to the different time and local standards, the standards of Chijin are different. The gold sold in the international market reaches 99.6%. The red gold in the territory is generally between 99.2%-99.6%.
It color gold, also known as "secondary gold" and "tide gold", refers to the low color. Due to the different metal content of these gold, the high color is 99%high, and only 30%of the low.
The is divided by different metals, cooked gold can be divided into color gold, mixed gold, K gold, etc. The color gold refers to gold only is mixed with silver components, regardless of whether it is high or low. There are more color gold, commonly in gold bars, gold ingots, gold blocks and various utensils and gold jewelry.
The mixed gold refers to the in addition to the silver in the gold, but also contains other metals such as copper, zinc, lead, and iron. Depending on the type and quantity of the metal contained in, it can be divided into small mixed gold, large mixed gold, bronze mixed gold, and lead -containing large mixed gold.
K gold refers to gold and copper according to a certain proportion, and the gold is prepared according to the formula of 24K. Generally speaking, the more the proportion of k gold is silver, the more colorful the color; the large copper ratio is purple. In the early days of liberation of China, my country's K gold was calculated at the standard of each K4.15%. After 1982, it had been unified with international standards, and per K to 4.1666%as the standard. Due to the addition of other elements in cooked gold, gold changes in color. People usually call the cooked gold that has been added with metal silver without other metals. The gold is called "mixed gold".
[Edit this paragraph] 5. The color of gold
The purity of gold and its products is called "form" or "color".
. In more than 200 BC, Greek mathematician Archimdes was worried about whether a crown was made of pure gold. When he took a bath in the bathtub, he found the law of being called "Akimid's proportion": an object immersed in the liquid was affected by the upward buoyancy; the size of the buoyancy was equal to the weight of its discharge liquid. As a result, the king's customized crown was made in pure gold. So, how is the purity of gold expressed?

5.1 "K gold" represents the purity of gold

The theoretically we call 100%of gold 24K; so the calculation method is 100/24 ​​(in the brackets For national standards): National Standard GB11887-89 stipulates that every K (abbreviation of English Carat and German Karat, often writing "K") has a gold content of 4.1666666%,
9K = 100/24*9 = 37.5% ( 375 ‰)
14K = 100/24*14 = 58.333%(585 ‰) is a convenient logo, set it at 58.5%
18K = 100/24*18 = 75%(750 ‰) ‰) ‰) (750 ‰) ) R n 22K = 100/24*22 = 91.6666666%(916 ‰) is a convenient identification, setting it at 91.6%
The theoretically 100%gold can be called 24K gold, but in reality, it is impossible There are 100%gold, so China stipulates that the content of more than 99.6%(including 99.6%) of gold can be called 24K gold
MS. Jewelry cannot be called gold jewelry.

5.2 expressing the purity of gold in text

It is not less than 990 ‰, and the gold content is greater than 999 ‰.
The regulations on gold product marks and logo cards in my country generally require production enterprise codes, materials names, content marks, etc., and unqualified products are unqualified products. The same is true internationally. But for some particularly small products, they are also allowed not to mark.

12.1 The main needs and uses of gold are three categories

1). This is determined by the gold currency product attributes. Due to the excellent characteristics of gold, the function of gold as currency in history, such as value scale, circulation means, storage methods, payment methods and world currencies. After the decoupling of gold and the US dollar since the 1970s, the monetary functions of gold have also weakened, but they still maintain a certain monetary function. At present, many countries, including international reserves in major Western countries, still occupy a very important position.
). For jewelry decoration. Gorgeous gold jewelry has always been a symbol of social status and wealth.
3). Application in industry and science and technology. Because gold has a unique and perfect properties, it has extremely high corrosion stability; good conductivity and thermal conductivity; the atomic nucleus of the gold has a large capture of the effective section of the neutron; ; It has various touch -media properties in the alloy of gold; gold is also good for processing, which is easily processed into ultra -thin gold foil, micron gold silk and gold powder; Under certain pressure, gold is easily welded and forged; gold can be made into superconductors and organic gold. Because of so many beneficial properties, it has reasons to widely use the most important modern high -tech industries, such as electronic technology, communication technology, astronal technology, chemical technology, medical technology, etc.

12.2 Supply and demand of the gold market

The source of supply in the gold market is mainly in the following aspects: new gold producing gold in the world, the gold sold by the former Soviet Union to the world market, restore reuse to reuse Gold, other national official institutions, inter -loan currency funds, and private selling gold.
The gold supply in the gold market has three main properties. The first is regular supply. This mainly includes the world mainly includes the world's main gold countries. Such supply is stable and frequent. The second is induction. This is due to the supply of other factors. It is mainly on the price of the gold price, which allows many gold hoardrs to sell for profit, or accelerate the mining of gold mines. The third is regulatory supply. This is a staged irregular supply. If the oil -producing country will sell some gold due to insufficient income.
The demand for world gold mainly comes from: official reserves, industrial and jewelry, and investment needs of various countries.
(1) The main role of the official gold reserves of various countries is as a reserve for international payment. The amount of gold reserves of a country is closely related to its foreign debt solvency. In order to maintain a certain proportion of gold reserves, central banks and international financial institutions of various countries will participate in trading activities in the world gold market.
(2) The increase or decrease of industrial use demand has a great impact on the rise and fall of world gold prices. Gold's industrial purposes are very wide, mainly in industries such as jewelry, chemical industry, aerospace, and electricity.
(3) Investment demand is also an important part of the source of the gold market. On the one hand, people use gold prices to fluctuate and earn profits into the market. On the other hand, people can choose between gold and other investment instruments under different conditions. For example, when the US dollar depreciates and the price of oil rises, the amount of gold demand will increase; if the stock market rises and attracts a lot of funds, then the demand for gold may decrease accordingly.
[Edit this paragraph] 14. How to invest in gold jewelry
The historical source of gold jewelry is long, splendid and brilliant. After the 1980s, with the development of socio -economic and the improvement of people's living standards, and the continuous improvement of people's cultural quality, gold jewelry has become more and more extensive into the daily life of ordinary people.
1. Printing: According to national product standards, there should be a successful logo "Football 990" or "Thousands of Gold 999" on jewelry products.
2. Color: golden yellow with foot gold or thousands of gold, and copper's glossy eyes.
3. Weight: The density of gold is more than twice that of copper. The same volume of gold and copper, gold has obvious falling hands.
4. Hardness: Use nails on foot gold or thousands of feet, with small traces, but it cannot be drawn on the copper.
It how to buy platinum series jewelry
1. Printing: According to national product standards, platinum jewelry should have platinum chemical symbol PT and platinum content, manufacturer marks.
2. Color: Platinum jewelry color is gray -tone silver white, bright luster, never changing color, while silver is slightly yellow white, K platinum has no platinum bright, white with cyan yellow in white.
3. Weight: The density of platinum is more than twice that of silver. The same volume of platinum and silver, platinum has a clear sense of falling.
4. Hardness: Because platinum is harder than copper, the copper thread does not move, and the copper needle is used to draw white silver traces.

It how to buy embedded jewelry
1. Check whether the gemstone on the decoration is loose.
2. It is best to have a certification of local testing agencies.
3. Observe with the help of related detection tools, for example: magnifying the mirror, diamond pen, etc.
4. Through test wearing and comparison, there will be more purchase experience.